History of Russian Thought Essay

Russian political and social thought remains a mystery to many historians, often insisting that Russia neatly follow western European categories of development and thought. Rejecting this odd sort of Euro-centrism is the first task of the intellectual historian, and from this point of view has Walicki made his career as the west’s premier historian of Russian political theory. Given the fact that this book is 467 pages, it is not this review’s intention to summarize the contents of this work, but rather to concern itself with method and the approach to this complex and ill-understood subject. A good place to start might be the basic class distinctions in Russian society. It is no accident that the book begins with two highly related objects: the rise of â€Å"enlightenment† thought under Catherine II (the Great) and, concomitant with this rise, the development of an elitist, aristocratic opposition to the crown. This start of some sort of Enlightenment-based criticism of monarchy derives both from western sources, that specifically of Montesquieu, as well as ancient Russian sources, that specifically of the ancient boyar duma, or elite assembly of the land. Hence, the stage is set for the remainder of the book: the constant fluctuation, often confusing, between modern, western models of political critique pleasantly seasoned with large doses of ancient political institutions. It is never made clear, and it is likely impossible to make clear, which element took center stage, the â€Å"west† or the ancient institutions. Among the Russian Slavophiles, major critics of Peter the Great and his western reforms, it is made clear. The Slavophiles, a specifically mystic, and Christian movement, almost Rousseauian in its basic social theory, based their approach on the criticism of the crown on the ancient Russian institutions of the peasant commune, the boyar Duma and the ancient piety of the Russian Church. Hence, early on, Walicki crates a typological distinction that defines the entire work: that between the more or less western-style, liberal rejection of monarchical absolutism, and a more peasant-based and communal criticism of the centralization of royal power. Neither approach rejects monarchy per se, but they criticize the development of the Petrine state, that is the centralized, expensive, militarized and bureaucratic absolutism introduced into Russia by Peter the Great as incompatible with Russian traditions. In terms of this typology, the most extreme of the first group might be the Decembrist movement, especially in the radical masonic societies of Paul Pestel. Unlike many historians, Walicki refuses to ignore the powerful part played by Masons in 18th and 19th century Russian history. The Decembrists, like nearly all opposition movements in the mid 19th century, was both Masonic and aristocratic, having few roots among the common people. Ultimately, Pestel rejected monarchy altogether, demanding an aristocratic based popular assembly elected by full and universal suffrage without property qualifications. He promised Poland its independence, and even became the first Russian Zionist, holding that Jews who refused to assimilate into the new Russia would be sent to Palestine to create a new Jewish nation with government assistance. He was joined in the revolutionary effort by the Society of United Slavs, also aristocratic and military based, who fought with Pestel over ideological concerns, chief of which was the place of old Russian institutions in the new society. The United Slavs, slightly less radical then Pestel’s organization, sought to base the new democratic order on the old Russian institutions of the duma and collective farming arrangements. Now, while the Decembrists ultimately failed, largely due to internal divisions and their lack of understanding of Russian conditions, the real significance of these movements was to give the aristocracy a public program run by semi-secret organizations, in the Decembrist case, military societies. The very fact that these groups were wealthy and aristocratic proves their limitations, and does show, as Walicki insists, that there is no distinction between class and political ideology, since political ideology was largely dictated by class status, at least in the sense that Russian nobles viewed themselves as heir to old Russia rather than to Petrine Russia. But just what they meant by â€Å"old Russia† is another story, and itself is a powerful subtext to this work. The approach to Freemasonry in Russia is worth a review in itself. Rarely dealt with in a serious way, the Masons are depicted by Walicki as the last refuge of the old aristocracy both accepting and rejecting the western Enlightenment. The failure in this otherwise excellent section is whether or not the public statements of the Masonic organizers were truly the belief of the order, or were simply exoteric utterances of the â€Å"initiated† speaking to a â€Å"backward† society. Nevertheless, Masonry (and Walicki holds that these were mostly funded by foreign sources) became a sort of pseudo-religion for the alienated old aristocrats long pushed out of power by the distant, upstart Petersburg bureaucracy. It is clear that the Masons were strictly clubs for the wealthy, sought to usher in a new â€Å"golden age† of history and looked down upon finance. These rather odd confluences of ideas simply tell us what little the Masons ere willing to speak about in public, or, even more, the fact that the aristocracy was using Masonry to challenge the organization of the Petersburg bureaucracy. Either way, masonry was a means whereby the old aristocracy could organize their forces and pool resources, but whether there was a political program that was basically agreed upon is another matter. Pestel’s group came the closest. It is rare that the western Enlightenment is imported wholesale into Russia. In fact, Pestel is an exception in that regard. At first, the famed Russian polemicist Peter Chaadaev held that western Europe should be imported to Russia, since, as he became famous for saying, â€Å"Russia has no history. Chaadaev made himself infamous in Russia by holding that there was no â€Å"Russian history† until Peter the Great made elite Russia European, slyly assuming that historical nations are European, technically advanced and based on baconian scientific models of administration. But his fascination with such things faded early on in his career, as both the revolutionary fervor of France and the dominance of the bourgeois repelled him. For Chaadaev, â€Å"Old Europe† was that of the medieval aristocracy rather than the modern, revolutionary bourgeois. Later figures like Alexander Herzen began their own careers with the same approach, only to actually live in England and France in exile, eventually returning to Russia with a loathing for European fashions and political ideologies. But all of these distinctions can be brought under our original methodological heading: the aristocratic opposition to the crown and the forms that this upper class agitation can take. The problem with this approach is that it leaves out the peasantry as a politically active part of the population. The fact that Walicki has no reference to the Old Believers and their strict, Russian Orthodox anarchism that numbered about 20 million followers by the middle of the 19th century is a major, glaring fault in the work itself. But, without saying so explicitly, this work seems to revolve around the aristocracy and the modes that their opposition to the Petrine state took over time. But the positive side to this approach is that it proves, contrary to typical courses in political theory, that radicalism in Russia was an upper class phenomenon and had few roots with the peasants, who were inclined to the Old Belief. Class status here meant that the higher one found oneself in the economic or aristocratic hierarchy, the more you were inclined to oppose the state (which itself, was based on a service bureaucracy rather than the old aristocracy) and the more one was to lean to radical theories of either economics or politics. The smattering of detail this review offers seeks to suggest that the aristocratic splits in Russian society are responsible for the development of its political ideas. Even more, if a thesis of this work can be found, this is likely it. Masonry, materialism, communitarianism, and even Marxism (though much later) all stem from the various battles among aristocratic and otherwise upper class factions. What they had in common was that they were wealthy, urban and sought to bring about a semi-utopia by force and revolution, bringing the â€Å"dark masses† to a â€Å"true knowledge† of their destiny and social importance. Hence, all of these movements opposed the monarchy in one sense or another. With very few exceptions, these movements all began rather enamored with western ideas, only to be repelled by them once actual contact with westerners became a fact. But the enlightenment was not rejected, only dressed in Russian clothing. Only the Leninists broke this mold, importing Marxism from Germany with few modifications, without the slightest concession to Russia as a cultural entity. The very fact that Leninism was so bizarre in Russian history shows how alien it was from currents of even the most radical thought in Russia and hence, how it was forced to impose itself by violence. What seems to link all Russian radical ideas together is that they were not Leninists, in the sense that they all looked to Russian tradition for the germs of radical institution-building. Hence, one can conclude by holding that Russian radicalism sought to build enlightenment ideas on old Russian institutions. A project destroyed by Lenin, largely never to be revived.

Middle School Argumentative Essay Samples Guide

Middle School Argumentative Essay Samples Guide Based on the duration of your essay, you have to include a couple of well-explained paragraphs to every reason or kind of evidence. Also, you'll locate a quick sample for you to know what sort of result you should receive. Another thing to bear in mind about assumptions is that the number of assumptions you're ready to make depends in large part on the scope and duration of your paper. Moreover, you know where to search for reliable info. Middle School Argumentative Essay Samples Explained Ultimately, towards the conclusion of your conclusion, you might reflect on the way the essay compares to something else such as modern occasions or the future. If you've completed a nice job, they will observe things your way and your essay is going to be a success. Also, it needs to be a road map for the remainder of the Essay writing service reviews you shouldn't explicitly announce what and how you're going to be arguing. Top Middle Scho ol Argumentative Essay Samples Choices It's possible for you to work on an assortment of essays which require good arguments to work. Most of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays too, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. To write a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which enables them to make an educated stance. If so, the premise is most likely relevant. Whichever style of argument you decide on, you will nonetheless have to opt for a proper topic for an argumentative essay. One of the most important elements of an argument essay is to ponder and present either side of the problem and undertake a comprehensive evaluation of each. You can't earn any assumption that you desire. Middle School Argumentative Essay Samples Features Do's Dont's There are a number of argumentative essay topics to write about should you consider it. It's quite important to remember that most parents want the very best for their kids. The chief reason why somebody is writing an argumentative essay is to try to persuade or sway another man or perhaps a group of men and women in your rightness in a particular theme. It is a skill that anyone in school needs to know, though it can be useful outside of the classroom, as well. Following are a few of the advised sociology essay topic for those students that are u nable to choose a great topic for their assignment. The program can generate a whole essay in under a second, dependent on a few keywords. You're able to buy argumentative essay at their site. Persuasive or argumentative essays are intended to convince the audience of a person's viewpoint about a specific topic. If you must create a descriptive essay within a broader writing prompt, you might want to find some insight on how best to compose the other styles of essay writing. The very best argumentative essay writing service on the net is an organization that supplies good quality and reasonably priced help on argumentative essay and argumentative essay topics. Before writing an argumentative essay, there's one important thing which you should know. There is an additional circumstance wherever your teacher formulates the specific subject of the essay, the range of topics can be reduced to narrow the direction given by means of a teacher, choose from the proposed list of topics or to decide by yourself. Argumentative essay format is dependent on your professor's requirements, since there isn't any frequent pattern for each and every essay. There are many unique tactics to approach an argumentative essay. It requires you to decide on a topic and take a position on it. It is one of the most difficult types of essays. Every argumentative essay ought to be based on a topic which can be debated. Writing argumentative essay is a complicated job, as it requires the presence of many skills at the exact same moment. It is possible to observe examples of the argumentative essay outline on the website or look the up on the internet. Most papers did not use the term in the slightest. With the aid of such samples and templates, students may get a general idea about the undertaking, understand its structure and get fresh ideas on this issue.

Violent Video Games And Violence - 855 Words

For several decades, the idea of violence in the popular media influencing a young generation to violence has been hotly debated. Since the introduction of violent video games in the 1970’s, for example, the shooting games Empire and Maze War from 1973, people have noticed that violent video games induce violent behavior in players, especially in teenage males. Despite people seeing the negative influence of violent media earlier as well, only in the last two decades has video game violence come to the forefront as video game popularity has increased. With the growing influence of digital technology, people began to notice increasingly aggressive displays on the part of adolescent players. Moreover, the computer and game consoles became the most cherished adolescent toys, and violent video games their favorite pastime. Meanwhile, parents started to worry about their children’s activity, and whether violent video games lead juveniles to infractions of the law and to nega tive changes in their behavior. However, there is no positive correlation between violent video games and increases in crime rates. Furthermore, according to the psychologists Patrick M. Markey, and Juliana E. French, researchers from the Villanova University, and Charlotte N. Markey, from the Rutgers University, â€Å"Finding that a young man who committed a violent crime also played a popular video game, such as Call of Duty, Halo, or Grand Theft Auto, is as pointless as pointing out that the criminal also woreShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And Violent Violence1345 Words   |  6 Pageseven specially made devices for babies and children. Video games are interwoven with our daily lives. For many, it is just an innocent way to relax or enjoy themselves. For others, it has become an addiction in which they cannot escape. Not all video games are violent, but what about those that are? Does society have an obligation to monitor every type of video game children and adults play simply because they believe it may lead to acts of violence? Psychologists, Sociologists, Anthropologist, SchoolsRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Violent Video Games1626 Words   |  7 PagesDavis English III 27 March 2015 Video Game Violence Violent video games have been being created since the first console. Yet only recently have we been blaming them for aggression in the player. We as humans have a tendency to blame our violent behavior on other things rather thin ourselves. Now aggression is being defined in many ways in this situation but mainly people point to the anger that’s brought out in the real world after the game or maybe it’s the gamers’ tendency to haveRead MoreVideo Game Violence And Violent Video Games2382 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract The issue of video game violence seems to be a hot topic right now after several shootings have occurred and made a connection to the shooters being video gamers. In looking at past research it is apparent that there seems to large amounts of research that contradict one work to another. Although I would have been interested in conducting a poll of the publics opinion regarding the use of violent video games and their connection to mass shootings I was not able to conduct the researchRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence1203 Words   |  5 PagesAre violent video games directly correlated to teen violence? This is the burning question many researchers are dedicated to answering. The common form of the question is â€Å"Is the increase in violence in games creating killer kids?† The simple answer is no. Instead the opposite has occurred, as games became more violent, the players became calmer. The games create a â€Å"safe† outlet for any anger or angst that young people possess. Crime rates in the teen population have lowered and violent teens admitRead MoreViolent Video Games And Violence1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthe unclear motives of the people behind such destructive behaviour. Unfortunately, many individuals have jumped to rash conclusions regarding the causes of such events by linking violent video games with violence in the youth population. Even more discerning individuals have also criticized the role of violent video games in encouraging people to become mass murderers. With these opinions gaining popularity in the mass media, it has become the predominant belief of society to explain why there areRead MoreVideo Games And Violent Violence Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games are one of America’s most beloved pastimes, especially when it comes to teenagers. A whopping 97% of teenagers play video games, as opposed to only about 40% participate in sports. (http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/Horizons/2008/0916/by-the-nu mbers-teens-and-video-games http://www.aspenprojectplay.org/the-facts.) This high percentage is still growing. Teens devotion for video games is becoming more and more popular, especially as more games of all different genres are becoming availableRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violence : Cause Of Violence And Video Games1377 Words   |  6 PagesLit. 27 November 2017 The Blame Game Statistically, 2017 has become the year with second lowest crimes rates since 1990, assuming there isn’t a big resurgence in violent crime between now and the end of the year (Bump). However, violent crimes continue to be a problem in modern-day America. Many have sought out to find out the root of these crimes and what causes them, and as a result, many different things have been cited as a cause for violence. Violent video games are said to be a possible sourceRead MoreVideo Game Violence : The Cause Of Violent Video Games1000 Words   |  4 Pagesmentioned that the cause of violent video games became an issue for public debate after teenagers and the main cause of this is the parallel effect. Based on the Studies done for violent video games correspond with individuals having violent acts. Also, young adolescents reveal that those who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive and see the world as more hostile. The article also revealed that this acts would be a coincidence or a cause from playing violent videos. Additionally, researchersRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violence843 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games have been around for half a century when, the first simple tennis game was designed by William Higinbotham in 1958. Since then, video games have gotten more in depth, with better graphics and more options which include violent video games. Violent videos have gotten more popular with a better amount of variety including the franchise of Call of Duty, Battlefield, and Grand Theft Auto. These are the most common and popular video games and because of the violence in them debate has startedRead MoreMedia Violence And Violent Video Games807 Words   |  4 PagesMedia violence has been tremendously growing and attaining the hazardous extents. Two-thirds of TV shows contain some kind of violence. Most self-involving video games contain some violent matter in it. For example, if you manufacture guns, you do not need to give any advertisement, because it is done by the amusement industry. Aggressive behavior, desensitization to violence, hallucinations, and fear of being mishandled were caused by the media violence, was explained in a 2009 Policy Statement

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr - 1800 Words

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr s words on April 3, 1968 at Mason Temple in Memphis Tennessee speaks through the ages and still grips me with an eerie feeling of prophetic conviction. King s stirring words that night were classical pieces of rhetoric that will be preserved as a place mark for the civil rights movement. When a sick, but yet powerful King bellowed out to the audience I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the promise land!; he was eerily suggesting that his life may possibly be ending soon but the movement continuing. This part of the speech is moving but yet stirring, and to many of the people in attendance that night, disturbing. Here is this iconic figure telling a packed congregation of weary, yet persistent people that he may not make the journey into the land that produces a brighter day and better opportunities. This likens to the biblical story of Moses. After leading the Children of Israel out of bondage for so l ong and tirelessly working to get them to the land of Canaan Moses is told by God that he will not be the one to lead them into the land flowing with milk and honey and that he will not enter therein at all. It is unnerving to think that Martin knew that his time was at hand. That he had led his people as far as he could lead them. The melancholy mood brought on by the thought of King s premature death turns into an emotional cry of self- assurance but also a dramatic exhale and aShow MoreRelatedDr. Martin Luther King Jr.658 Words   |  3 PagesIndividual Project Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. inspired myself along with many other nationalities all over the world in so many ways. He was a very courageous and intelligent man who fought so hard for the blacks or African-Americans like myself to have equal rights like the whites or Caucasian people. Just as other civil rights leaders such as Rosa Parks, Dr. King felt that it just wasn’t fair that the black people was segregatedRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was born in Atlanta Georgia on January 15, 1929. His parents were Reverend Martin Luther King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his siblings were guided by the spiritual teachings from their father and attended public schools in Atlanta during their childhood. King and his nine siblings grew up in a financially secure middle class family. They received a better education than the average child of their race, King noticed this and it influencedRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights900 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is unarguably the most famous civil rights activist in American history. His story and legacy is taught in classrooms across the country. From birth to death, Dr. King impacted the lives of many people and changed the roles of society forever. Dr. King had one big dream and what shaped his dream begins in Atlanta,, Georgia, and ends in Memphis, Tennessee. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born into a loving and caring family on January 15, 1929 inRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay2605 Words   |  11 Pages Martin Luther King Jr. King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968), American clergyman and Nobel Prize winner, one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement and a prominent advocate of nonviolent protest. Kingamp;#8217;s challenges to segregation and racial discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s helped convince many white Americans to support the cause of civil rights in the United States. After his assassination in 1968, King became a symbol of protest in the struggle for racialRead MoreEssay on Leadership Skills of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.823 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Abstract This paper will analyze and study the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King and how leadership skills helped him in accomplishing his goals. The characteristics that made Dr. King a great leader will also be addressed. By studying great leaders, insight can be gained into what qualities they possess. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a vital figure of the modern era. His lectures and dialogues stirred the concern and sparked theRead MoreMy Hero: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay542 Words   |  3 Pagesall portray some kind of heroic abilities. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is one the most heroic figures of our time. According to Joseph Campbells characteristics Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. has a characteristic of a hero such as, a hero is usually someone from whom something has been taken or who feels theres something lacking in the normal experience available, or permitted, to members of his society. (The Power of Myth, 1998) Dr. Martin Luther King was a man who yearned for dignity and respectRead More The Rhetoric of Pathos in the Writings of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rhetoric of Pathos in the Writings of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I have a dream, says Dr. Samuel Proctor, Martin Luther King, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Rutgers University. All the little children--you hear everywhere you go: I have a dream. All the little children repeating that speech. Its become like the Star Spangled Banner or the Pledge of Allegiance. Its entered our culture. And so it has: I have a dream has become one of the most memorable phrases of the twentieth centuryRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s Fight Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s Fight Throughout history there have been times when citizens have had the need, as well as the responsibility, to violate certain societal rules/laws in order to protest against unjust treatment and bring about social or political change. It began as early as Socrates, who disobeyed an unjust decree against teaching his ideas, which led to his being condemned to death; Mahatma Gandhi’s fight against British rule over India; and Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seatRead MoreEssay about Biography of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.4067 Words   |  17 PagesBiography of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Jan. 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968 Nationality: American Occupation: civil rights leader Occupation: minister (religion) Michael King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in the Atlanta home of his maternal grandfather, Adam Daniel Williams (1863 — 1931). He was the second child and the first son of Michael King Sr. (1897 — 1984) and Alberta Christine Williams King (1903 — 1974). Michael Jr. had an older sister, Willie Christine (b. 1927), and a youngerRead MoreEssay on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and The Civil Rights Movement2125 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King jr. was one of the most influential persons of the 20th Century. He is the father of the modern civil rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom as well as peace. King practiced everything that he preached, he did not preach or speak values that he himself did not follow. He established himself as a pastor that was not afraid of hard work, guiding the middle-class congregation to public service. For example, Peake, Thomas

Ethical Behavior Free Essays

Abstract Ethical behavior is an important consideration in today’s business. Deciding which behaviors are acceptable is a tough decision. Ethical Behavior Individual characteristics should play a large part In ethical behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the most part people know the difference between right and wrong, but which one they choose plays upon their individual characteristic. Do I think every person Is 100% ethical In their day-to-day business decisions? Certainly not, this Is where Issue of Intensity comes Into play. Each Individual business needs to determine the Importance of ethical issues based on SIX characteristics: greatness of harm, nonsense of wrong, probability of harm, Immediacy of consequences, proximity of vellums, and concentration of effect (Robbins Coulter, 2009). For example, If an employee uses a company vehicle for personal business Is It harming anyone? It may not be harming any individual, but more than likely the consensus would be that It Is improper use of company property. In this instance, the improper use of the company vehicle was the individual’s poor and unethical decision. This one instance should have no long-term effects on the business. There should be some consequence such as a verbal or written warning, but unless it is abused, rumination of employment would be excessive. On the other hand, an employee that uses company funds for their own personal gain is establishing bad moral judgment and extreme unethical behavior. Not only is this person doing wrong, but he is also harming the company’s profitability. Embezzlement may not always be felt immediately, but could still be showing harm in the profitability throughout the fiscal year. Unethical behavior of this sort should have immediate consequences enforced up to and including termination and prosecution. All in all, the deciding factors in ethical behavior can be a tough decision for a business. Ultimately, businesses that make decisions not only based on the bottom line, but also that of ethical behavior helps everyone, society, the consumer and most importantly, the business (Pat†, 2010). How to cite Ethical Behavior, Papers

Electrophoresis Essay Example For Students

Electrophoresis Essay perform electrophoresis using restriction enzymes and lambda DNAunderstand how a restriction enzyme worksanalyze a photograph of electrophoresisunderstand how gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules in a mixturehow to use electrophoresis to separate DNA fragmentsdetermine unknown DNA fragment sizes when given DNA fragments of known sizerestriction enzymes (HindIII, EcoRI, BamHI) Place the weighing boat on the scale and tare. Weigh out 0.8 ml of agarose powder and place it into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Add 10 ml of 10x TEA buffer and 90 ml of distilled water into a graduated cylinder to create a 1x TEA buffer solution. Add this to the Erlenmeyer flask containing the 0.8 ml of agarose. Dissolve and boil the agarose solution in a microwave, about 2-3 minutes. Place clean bottom of the casting tray in place, and pour in the agarose solution. Place the casting comb in place. Allow gel mold to set undisturbed until almost opaque, about 10 minutes. Fill a graduated cylinder with 50 ml of 10x TEA buffer and 450 ml of distilled water, creating 500 ml of 1x TEA buffer. In each of the four restriction enzyme tubes, combine 1.0 l of restriction buffer, 7.0 l of distilled water, 1.0 l of the specific enzyme (either HindIII, EcoRI, or BamHI). For the control, add no enzyme. Close the caps tightly and place them evenly balanced in the microcentrifuge and spin for 2-3 seconds. Place the tubes in the 37 C water bath. When the gel has solidified remover the comb in a careful straight up motion. Remove the glass plate bottom without disturbing the gel and place it in the electrophoresis box with the wells towards the cathode end. Pour the prepared 1X TEA buffer carefully over the gel until the liquid level completely covers the gel and is about 1 or 2 mm above the surface of the gel. Add 2 l of loading dye to each of the enzyme tubes using the micropipet and spin them in the centrifuge. Extract 10 l of the first sample and load it into the first well. Repeat this with the other samples, changing tips between each. Attach the power supply to the electrophoresis box. Set it to 100 volts and 40 milliamps and activate it. After about 45 minutes or until the dye is approximately of the down, turn off the power supply and disconnect the box. Using gloves, remove the gels from the box and place them on the transilluminator. The instructor will carry out the photography of the electrophoresis gel. HindIIIEcoRIBamHIControlDistanceAct. BP Distance Cal. BPDistance Cal. BPDistance Cal. BP3.4 cm25,000*3.5 cm23,0003.8 cm19,0003.7 cm20,0004.89,4165.37,8004.215,0005.9 6,5576.45,2005.76,8006.74,3617.14,0005.96,50011.32,3228.73,3006.74,30012.12,027All calculated base pairs (Cal. BP) are rounded figures. Electrophoresis literally means to carry with electricity. It is the use of restriction enzymes and electrical current to measure segments of DNA from a sample. Restriction enzymes are enzymes found in bacteria. These are enzymes that are able to cut through the phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are certain base sequences recognized by these enzymes. In bacteria, restriction enzymes act as a defense against invading viruses. When the viral DNA is release into the cell, the restriction enzymes cut it into pieces, rendering it useless and unable to act upon the cell. Any other bacteria entering the cell will also be cut if it contains the base sequence recognized by the enzyme. Every species of bacteria has at least one restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes are used in genetic engineering to make complementary cuts that allow the insertion of a genetic code into a genome. In electrophoresis, restriction enzymes cut at the restriction sites on the DNA sample. It cuts as many times as the base sequence appears on the sample. After the sample is cut, buffers, dye, and a substance called ethidium bromide is added to the sample. It is then placed into the well of an agarose gel. An electrical current is run through this, and because DNA has a negative charge it is dragged through it towards the positive end. The DNA weaves through the agarose gel, the smallest pairs going the farthest simply because they are more maneuverable. The longer segments move more slowly through the agarose. When the sample has run about of the way through the gel, the current is disconnected, stopping the movement of the DNA. The gel is then placed on an ultraviolet transilluminator. Ethidium bromide is sensitive to UV rays, so it is seen under the transilluminator. A picture is then taken and the distance and base pairs can be measured and calculated. .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 , .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .postImageUrl , .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 , .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651:hover , .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651:visited , .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651:active { border:0!important; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651:active , .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651 .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubc953a0f3d8334f0a90af5997acc8651:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Do you ever wander where the leap year was all sta EssayThe buffer used in this is TEA buffer. It is made of Tris and EDTA. Tris keeps the pH constant at about 8.0, and EDTA pulls out low levels of sodium acetate. Since electrophoresis essentially measures the distance between restriction sites of a certain restriction enzyme, it is helpful in murder and rape cases, where blood or semen of the suspect is found as evidence. In the case of rape, a restriction enzyme is added with the blood or semen evidence. A blood sample is taken from the suspect and DNA is spooled from it. The same restriction enzyme is added to it, and both samples are run through electrophoresis. Since every single person has different genetic material, a match in segments between restriction sites would be an impossibility to be classified pure coincidence. This would clearly identify the suspect as the perpetrator. A difference in segment lengths would clear the suspect, as the DNA would be clearly different. In our electrophoresis experiment, it is shown how 3 different restriction enzymes act completely differently on the same sample of DNA. This is because each enzyme has a different restriction site it acts upon. The control in this experiment simply shows that DNA without any cuts would run, but would run as a large clump and would run very slowly, as it cannot maneuver easily through the gel matrix. 2. Restriction enzymes are enzymes that use DNA as a substrate. When the proper base sequence, called a restriction or recognition site, is found the enzyme acts by cutting between the backbone two specified bases. 3. Restriction enzymes are found naturally in bacteria. They act as a protection against viral infections, as they break down incoming viral DNA. 4. The electricity in electrophoresis acts on DNA as a magnet does to another magnet. DNA has a slightly negative charge. The samples containing DNA are loaded at the cathode or negative end. When the power is activated, the DNA is attracted towards the positive end of the electrophoresis box. The agarose gel provides a means of slowing the DNA down. The DNA fragments must work through the gel matrix in order to reach the end. 6. The loading acts as a point of reference. It allows the person performing the experiment to see how far down the DNA sample has moved. The DNA is photographed using ethidium bromide, a UV-sensitive substance and an ultraviolet transilluminator to highlight the DNA strands. Bibliography:

Steven Spielberg and Quentin Tarantino Essay Example For Students

Steven Spielberg and Quentin Tarantino Essay Steven Allan Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Spielberg is probably one of the most recognized directors of our time. He is known for his top grossing films in the box office. In his role as a director (among other occupations), Spielberg has made an immense impact, has earned great respect and has a lot of influence in the film industry. His interest in directing started when Spielberg was a child. When he was a child, he would use his family’s home movie camera to record their camping trips and other family events. Some might say that he pretty much started his career as a child and this is why his films are so creative and have a lot of child-like wonder. â€Å"Spielberg began his career as a television director, admired for his understanding portrayal of human character,† (Steven Spielberg). He then turned that interest into a successful movie career, directing numerous films with A-list actors. In 1975, he obtained his first major success with a film, Jaws. Jaws earned more than one hundred million dollars at the box office and is considered a cult classic and is still popular today. We will write a custom essay on Steven Spielberg and Quentin Tarantino specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Spielberg later broke the Jawsbox office record with E. T. in 1983 and then again with Jurassic Park in 1993. Continuing his empire, Spielberg began his first film company Amblin Entertainment. Amblin Entertainment was named after a movie he was directing but unfortunately never finished. Through his production company he did, however, produce several movies like the Back to the Future trilogy and Who Framed Roger Rabbit, all of which were big successes. In more recent years, Spielberg has moved on to bigger projects and movies. However, not all of his successes come without controversy. It has been said that many of Steven Spielberg’s movies portray a fear of being different, starting with how he portrays other cultures. Some believe that Spielberg portrays his characters as savages performing horrible rituals, or violent gangsters like those in Indiana Jones. Many of his films involve the white American hero saving all the people who were depending on a white mentor to pass by. Many believe that the picture painted by Spielberg in these films is racist and causes negative stereotypes towards other cultures. As a result, many ethnic groups are insulted and upset. For instance, in the movie The Color Purple, many believe the film degrades the African American family and fails to show the real problems they have to face, such as the dominance of white culture and, of course, slavery. On the other side, the positive that can be taken from all the in his filmography, is the motivation one gets by identifying with the hero. The filmgoer can get an instant ego boost from the perception that one person can save the world. Of course, this is achieved through the belief that anything is possible with courage, luck, and self-sacrifice, all themes in Spielberg’s movies. Finally, as Spielberg became more and more successful, he paid it forward by donating to charities that were near and dear to his heart, making him an incredible philanthropist on top of his directing genius. Quentin Tarantino Quentin Tarantino was born in Knoxville, Tennessee on March 27, 1963 to Tony Tarantino, an actor and musician of Italian descent, and Connie McHugh of half-Irish and half-Cherokee. Shortly after his birth, his mother married musician Curt Zastoupil with whom Tarantino would form a strong bond. In more recent years, his films, such as Jackie Brown show a relative restraint with regard to violence and bloodshed. Leading many to suggest that Tarantino is mellowing. In addition, many believe that this mellowing shows signs of his maturing with regard to character development and his treatment of love. Where Pulp Fiction took place entirely in a mans world, Jackie Brown included a touching, unconsummated relationship between the bail bondsman and the title character. .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 , .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .postImageUrl , .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 , .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584:hover , .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584:visited , .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584:active { border:0!important; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584:active , .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584 .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4fc1ae8ca485fa944408ba72a3fd4584:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The most successful films in 2010 EssayThough Tarantino has proven less likely to exploit bloodshed or sex in his latest film, he has, as critics observe, maintained another aspect of his style: an attitude towards pop culture, including B-movies, old TV shows, and other paraphernalia of mass media, that wavers between veneration and satire. Quentin Tarantino’s films have achieved a cultural and global status and I do not think anyone is going to argue that he is not an auteur. I am more interested in examining his style and seeing how this makes him an auteur and if it has changed when he was receiving a higher budget. Bibliography: (2014). Retrieved from Spielberg: http://www.mrkramer.org/4h-steven-spielberg (2014). Retrieved from Steven Spielberg: http://www.biography.com/people/steven-spielberg-9490621#awesm=~oHuK0pjm0Vn2cP (2014). Retrieved from quentin-tarantino: http://www.biography.com/people/quentin-tarantino-9502086#awesm=~oHuKa3JUDIebeo